Sungai Segget or the Segget River, a
small river with a deep channel, had a significant role in the early
development of Johor Baru.
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| JB's first central market was built into Sungai Segget on a triangle shaped island and linked to shore by bridges |
The river mouth,
which opened into the calm waters of the Johor Straits, was a safe harbour.
While larger boats were anchored in the Straits, smaller boats like tongkangs
and bumboats could travel upstream as far as Kampung Melukut, the site of a present-day hotel at Jalan Ngee Heng.
As settlements
started around this river, it formed a nucleus that gradually grew into JB
city.
Development started in 1844 when Temenggong
Daeng Ibrahim invited Chinese planters in Singapore and the Riau Islands to
open up land in Johor to cultivate pepper and gambier.
The planters were ready to relocate as the land in their plantations was exhausted
and infertile after being cultivated for 10 to 15 years. Under
the kangchu or River Lord system,
planters who arrived in Johor, obtained a permit known as surat sungai from the ruler to open up land for cultivation.
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| Aerial view of JB's first market [Left] linked to Jalan Wong Ah Fook [Right] by bridges |
Immigrant
Chinese with a strong pioneering spirit, arrived by small boats through the
Straits of Johor and sailed up Sungai Segget to claim their sites close to
rivers throughout the state.
The names
of major settlements like Kangkar Tebrau and Kangkar Pulai, remain to this day
as a legacy of this rich era in Johor history.
Sungai Segget was
the port and harbour through which local produce was exported and goods were
imported.
The virgin jungles of Johor
were the state’s earliest resource which provided many kinds of jungle produce
like dammar, rattan, wood oil, camphor, ebony, wax, sandalwood and other types
of wood.
In 1860, James
Meldrum set up Johor Steam Sawmill – Johor Baru’s first industry – at the mouth
of Sungai Segget. Wharves were built on
the saw-mill’s sea frontage for logs to be hauled up and sawn.
Then timber was loaded directly on board
ships and transported to Singapore which was then a busy entrepot. After the saw-mill was demolished, the site
was used as the former Customs and Immigration checkpoint into Singapore.
Sungai Segget was
also an important shipping channel for the export of pepper and gambier as
small boats carrying sacks of these products stopped for Customs inspection in
JB before being exported through Singapore.
The gambier trade peaked from the 1830s to 1850s when Johor became the
world’s largest producer of gambier.
In 1879, JB was a
free port with a busy harbour through which timber and other produce were exported. Besides pepper and gambier,
some local produce that was exported were copra, coffee, tea, areca nuts,
tapioca, sago, wood oil, rattan, resins, gutta-percha, rubber and tin.
Johor then had a thriving agriculture based
economy and now, we even have Jalan Kebun Teh, a road name that was clearly derived
from the vast acreage of tea plantations nearby.
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| Small boats moored at Sungai Segget at the junction where Jalan Ungku Puan meets Jalan Wong Ah Fook [1920s - 1930s] |
Many Chinese also
settled around Sungai Segget and opened shops and markets to supply food and
other necessities to the planter communities.
As more plantations were opened in Johor, the settlers who lived
upstream depended on Sungai Segget as the main waterway to sell their produce
and receive supplies from town.
Going upstream
from its mouth, the river broadened into a deep bend and in the curve of this
bend, there was a small triangular shaped island.
This was the site of a wet market that was
connected to the shore by three bridges.
In 1894, this market was replaced by a new building made with wrought iron. Perched on a small island, it literally stood
in water where small fishing boats would come to unload their daily catch.
Designed in modern
architecture with more than 200 stalls, this was the first wet market in JB. It was the only central market in south Johor
with an adjacent bus terminal and taxi stand and people from other districts would
come to shop here.
This market continued
until 1964 when a new central market was completed at Jalan Wong Ah Fook. The site of this new market is where present-day Johor Bahru City Square stands.
After the old market was closed, the waterways around the old market was filled
to form a piece of land between the river and Jalan Segget.
In those days,
boats were the only means of transport between Johor and the outside world, and
the mode of transport between various parts of town. There were a number of landing steps or tangga (Malay) and piers or pangkalan that were used like bus-stops.
The first
embarkation point was the pier constructed by the Johor Steam Ferry Boat
Company that started operations in 1875 to connect Singapore’s Woodlands and JB
on opposite sides of the Straits.
This
ferry service left Woodlands and reached Johor at a pier situated east of
Sungai Segget, named Pier Kuala Segget.
On the other side
of the river, the disembarkation point nearest town was Tangga Duke at Jalan
Tangga Duke.
Tangga Duke was built to
commemorate the visit of the Duke of Connaught, Prince Arthur, brother of King
Edward VII, on his visit to Johor in 1907. Jalan Tangga Duke is now part of the carpark behind the Foh Chong Building, Jalan Ibrahim.
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| A section of Sungai Segget being re-opened during the upgrading project along Jalan Wong Ah Fook |
Pangkalan Abu
Bakar was at the foot of Jalan Bukit Timbalan, Pangkalan Ayer Molek was at the
end of Jalan Ayer Molek while the Grand Palace or Istana Besar, had its own pier, Pangkalan Dewan.
The last pier along the coast was Tambatan
Kapal Kerajaan, the only surviving set of landing steps that was in use at the
Marine Department. By now, this may also have disappeared in the land reclamation project.
After the causeway
was opened in 1924, faster and convenient road and rail transport saw the
decline of transport by sea and these landing places became disused.
Sungai Segget
remained a busy harbour for several years but failed to compete against more
efficient land transport. With the
increasing popularity of motorcars, the river’s west bank was filled up and
turned into a parking lot.
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| A section of the refreshed and upgraded Sungai Segget as it looks in 2023 |
Sungai Segget, an integral part of the state’s history, certainly
deserves the RM240 million upgrading project which includes
the Sungai Segget Water Treatment Plant, flood mitigation and beautification of
Jalan Wong Ah Fook.
Further insights into Johor’s early development is documented in Johor – Local History, Local Landscapes 1855 to 1957 (Straits Times Press 2009), a book by professional historian, Datin Patricia Lim Pui Huen, the great-grand-daughter of Wong Ah Fook.
A version of this was published in the June 2016 issue of The Iskandarian
Note: Three old photos used courtesy of Johor Archives and Johor Bahru Tiong Hua Association.
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